TEXTBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND: Pathophysiology, Sonoanatomy, and Guided Interventions for Tendons, Joints, Nerves, and Soft Tissue for Radiologists, Rheumatologists, Sonographers

Musculoskeletal ultrasound is one of the most technically demanding and clinically consequential imaging disciplines in modern medicine. The sonographer or clinician scanning a tendon, nerve, or joint must simultaneously understand tissue biology, probe physics, anatomical architecture, and real-time dynamic function. No other imaging modality demands this integration. And no other modality offers it in return.TEXTBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND is a comprehensive reference covering the full scope of MSK ultrasound practice, from foundational physics through complete regional sonoanatomy, pathophysiology-first diagnosis, and advanced interventional technique.Part I, Foundations, addresses ultrasound physics and image optimisation, artefact recognition and mechanism, the pathophysiology of normal tissue echogenicity, examination methodology and dynamic assessment, structured report writing, and advanced modalities including elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and AI-assisted imaging.Part II, Regional Anatomy and Scanning Technique, is organised by complete anatomical region, with each chapter integrating sonoanatomy and its dedicated scanning technique into a unified structure. Regions covered include the shoulder and axilla, arm and elbow, forearm and wrist and hand, upper limb nerves, trunk and abdominal wall, groin and gluteal region, hip and thigh, knee, leg and leg vessels, ankle, foot, lower limb nerves and vessels, peripheral neurosonography, and interventional procedure setup.Part III, Diagnoses, is organised by pathological category. Every entity receives a full pathophysiology section before its imaging findings are described, explaining the biological mechanism behind the sonographic appearance. Categories include rotator cuff and biceps pathology, tendinopathy and tears, tenosynovitis, muscle pathology, ligament and bone injury, arthropathies covering osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritis, gout and crystal disease, nerve pathology, vascular pathology, musculoskeletal infection, joint and periarticular masses, benign and malignant soft tissue tumours, and herniae.Part IV, Differential Diagnoses, is organised by sonographic appearance rather than by diagnosis, reflecting how clinical MSK ultrasound actually works. Decision trees and comparative tables guide the reader from what is seen on screen to a structured differential.Part V, Interventional Procedures, covers biopsy, upper and lower limb joint and nerve injections, and advanced techniques including tendon fenestration, nerve hydrodissection, platelet-rich plasma injection, prolotherapy, and regenerative medicine, each with an honest evidence appraisal.Five appendices provide normal measurement reference values, dynamic scanning protocol quick reference guides, interventional procedure summaries, validated grading and classification systems, and structured report templates for every major anatomical region.TEXTBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC MUSCULOSKELETAL ULTRASOUND is written for radiologists, rheumatologists, sonographers, sports medicine physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, and all clinicians performing or interpreting MSK ultrasound in practice. Read more